24 de juni 2022.
El Tribunal Supremo de EE.UU., con una mayoría conservadora, emitió este viernes un fallo que revoca la protección al derecho a abortar, que hasta ahora había estado protegida por dos de sus sentencias previas, al considerar que la Constitución no la garantiza.
El fallo de este viernes es relativo al caso “Dobbs contra Jackson Women’s Health Organization”, sobre una ley de Misisipi que prohíbe el aborto a partir de las 15 semanas en ese estado, donde solo queda una clínica que ofrece ese servicio.
La decisión fue respaldada por seis de los nueve jueces de la máxima instancia judicial del país y fue redactada por el magistrado conservador Samuel Alito.
En el texto, de 213 páginas, Alito es muy claro: “La Constitución no confiere el derecho al aborto” y acto seguido afirma que los fallos anteriores del Supremo que garantizaban el derecho al aborto quedan “revocados”.
Dichos casos son el de “Roe contra Wade”, de 1973, que amparaba el derecho al aborto en todo el país, y la resolución de 1992 “Planned Parenthood contra Casey”, que reafirmaba dicha protección pero permitía a los estados establecer regulaciones sobre el proceso.
“El aborto representa una cuestión moral profunda. La Constitución no prohíbe a los ciudadanos de cada estado regular o prohibir el aborto. Roe y Casey se arrogaban esa autoridad. Ahora derogamos esas decisiones y devolvemos las autoridad a las personas y sus representantes electos”.
“La línea de la viabilidad, que Casey nombró como la norma central de Roe, no tiene sentido, y es revelador que otros países eviten de forma uniforme esta línea. Por tanto, la corte afirmó como autoridad judicial pura y dura a imponer, como asunto de ley constitucional, una norma de viabilidad uniforme que da a los estados menos libertad para regular el aborto de la que disfrutan la mayoría de las democracias occidentales”.
“Con todo esto, el razonamiento de Roe era excesivamente débil, y comentaristas académicos, incluidos aquellos que estaban de acuerdo con la decisión como asunto político, fueron implacables con sus críticas”.
Para Alito, el fallo de “Roe contra Wade” es “extremadamente equivocado y profundamente dañino” y los defensores de dicha decisión han “fracasado” a la hora de demostrar que el Supremo tiene poder para decidir cómo regular el aborto.
Por ello, la corte “debe devolver el poder (a los estados) para evaluar esos argumentos ante el pueblo y sus representantes electos”, escribe Alito
El juez agrega que el derecho a abortar no está incluido en la cláusula del Debido Proceso de la Décimo Cuarta Enmienda de la Constitución, que permite a los tribunales poner límites a la actividad legislativa cuando afecta a “la vida, la libertad o la propiedad”.
En el lado opuesto está en la opinión de disenso redactada por los jueces progresistas Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor y Stephen Breyer.
En el texto afirmaron que “respetar a la mujer como un ser autónomo y garantizar su igualdad total significa concederle sustancialmente la opción de elegir sobre las decisiones más personales y consecuentes de su vida”.
“Desde el mismo momento de la fecundación, una mujer no tiene derecho a hablar. Un estado puede forzarla a continuar con su embarazo, incluso a los costos personales y familiares más elevados”, lamentaron los jueces que disienten del fallo mayoritario.
“La ley de Misisipi en cuestión aquí prohíbe los abortos tras la décimo quinta semana de embarazo. Bajo la decisión de la mayoría, no obstante, cualquier otra ley de otros estados podría hacer después de las diez semanas, cinco, tres o una, o de nuevo, desde el momento de la fecundación”.
Y advirtieron que “algunos estados no se detendrán ahí”. “A lo mejor, a la luz de la decisión de hoy, la ley de un estado criminalizará la conducta de las mujeres, las encarcelará o multará por atreverse a buscar o tener un aborto. Como Texas ha demostrado recientemente, un estado puede volver a un vecino frente a un vecino”.
En este punto los jueces se referían a una ley en Texas que prohíbe el aborto a partir de las seis semanas de gestación y que permite a particulares interponer denuncias contra cualquier persona que
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